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Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID6583. Aufnahme durch Dr. Reinhard Thurow.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID6583. Photographs by Dr. Reinhard Thurow."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"","image_description":"Adler n.r. stehend mit einer Bl\u00fcte im Schnabel, dahinter 2 Punkte, davor ROMA","foto_date":null,"photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"6","photographer_name":"Dr. Reinhard Thurow","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID6583\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID6583\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/var\/www\/vhosts\/ikmk.net\/httpdocs\/mkbonn\/mk-edit\/images\/n6\/6583\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID6583\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID6583\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1727346600,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID6583. Aufnahme durch Dr. Reinhard Thurow.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID6583. Photographs by Dr. Reinhard Thurow."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"2","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Republik","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Republic"},"literatur":"RRC 39,3; Sydenham 95; Kestner-Museum 188-189","comment":"","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"3","name_de":"Hellenismus","name_en":null,"description_de":"","description_en":null,"concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/period\/3"},"year_start":"-217","year_end":"-215","date_verbal":"217-215 v. 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Jh. v. Chr.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020101"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"22","keyword_de":"Italien","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4027833-5","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/1000080"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"38","keyword_de":"St\u00e4dte","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4056723-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/city"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"51","keyword_de":"Tiere","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4185464-0","keyword_concept_uri":""}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"135","timeline_item":"Stadtr\u00f6mische M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung (c. 227\/5- c. 212 v.Chr.)","description":"Der Quadrigatus im Rahmen der fr\u00fchen Didrachmen-Serien\r\n\r\nDie relative Chronologie der 8 Didrachmen-Serien ist unbestritten. Die erste Serie trug die Bilder Mars- oder Quirinuskopf\/Pferdekopf mit der Aufschrift \"Romano\". Das Gewicht betrug 7.25 g. Als Pr\u00e4get\u00e4tten werden Neapel oder Metapont, jedenfalls S\u00fcditalien angenommen, Es handelte sich um eine relativ kleine Emission ( 4 Vs. - und 15 Rs.-Stempel), Die zweite Serie mit den Bildern \"ApoloKopf\/Pferd im Galopp\"\u00a0hatte ebenfalls ein geringes Volumen ( 10 Vs.- und 9 Rs-Stempel). Die dritte Serie zeigte die B\u00fcste des Hercules mit Diadem, L\u00f6wenfell und Keule auf der Vs., hatte aber mit \"W\u00f6lfin mit Zwillingen\" erstmals ein typisch stadtr\u00f6misches Bild auf der Rs. Mit der vierten Serie traten wesentliche Ver\u00e4nderungen ein: die M\u00fcnzen mit den Bildern \"Roma oder Diana\/ Victoria\" trugen Kontrollzeichen, wie T oder MM, hatten ein reduziertes Gewicht von 6.6 g bis 6.8 g, wurden von Unternominalen begleitet und hatten eine hohes Pr\u00e4gevolumen ( 35 Vs.-Stempel), mithin vermutlich eine l\u00e4ngere Pr\u00e4gezeit.\u00a0Die 3 weiteren Serien mit \"Mars\/Pferdekopf\" oder \"Apollo\/galoppierendes Pferd\" griffen zwar fr\u00fchere M\u00fcnzbilder wieder auf, hatten aber weiterhin ein reduziertes Gewicht, trugen die Legende \"ROMA\" und die Kontrollmarken \"Keule\" und \"Sichel\" und wiesen eine hohes Emissionsvolumen auf (64 Vs.-Stempeln). Die achte und letzte Didrachmen-Serie\u00a0( der sog. Quadrigatus) trug die\u00a0\"Doppelk\u00f6pfe der Dioskuren\/ Jupiter in Quadriga\" und die Legende \"Roma\" zun\u00e4chst inkus, dann im Relief und wurde mit Goldstateren, Gold-Halbstateren, Drachmen und weiteren Untereinheiten ausgegeben \r\n\r\nWas die absolute Chronologie betrifft, so hat sich die Bandbreite der Meinungen eingeschr\u00e4nkt.  Dazu hat beigetragen, da\u00df die Didrachmen  auch im Zusammenhang mit der M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung Campaniens behandelt wurden. Danach setzte die Ausgabe von Didrachmen in dem ersten Viertel des 3. Jh. ein. Ein Meilenstein ist die Reduzierung des Gewichts um 270 v. Chr.. Die\u00a0hohen Emissionsvolumina der Serien 4 bis 7 k\u00f6nnten mit den finanziellen Anforderungen\u00a0des 1. Punischen Krieges, der Gold-Stater mit der \"Schwurszzene\" mit denen\u00a0 des 2. Punischen Kriegs verstanden werden. In den folgenden Krisenjahren wurde der Feingehalt des Silbers des Quadrigatus\u00a0 von urspr\u00fcnglich 98% bis schlie\u00dflich nur noch 36 % reduziert; das Gewicht des As ging in mehreren Stufen auf nur noch 54 g zur\u00fcck, was nur als Zusammenbruch des bisherigen W\u00e4hrungssystems verstanden werden kann. In diesen Krisenjahren wurde das umlaufende Geld eingezogen und um 212\/211 v Chr. der Denar eingef\u00fchrt.\r\n\r\nLireratur: R. Thomson, Early Roman Coinge, A Study of the Chronology, Vols. I-III, Kopenhagen 1957-1961. M.H.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge 1974, 35-46; W. Hollstein, \u00dcberlegungen zu Datierung und M\u00fcnzbildern der r\u00f6mischen Didrachmenpr\u00e4gung, JNG 48\/49(1998\/1999) 133-164).  A. Burnett, Early Roman Coinage and its Italian Context, in W.E-Metcalf, The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, 2012,297-314;\u00a0A. Burnett, The Enna Hoard and the Silver Coinge of the Syracusan Democracy, SNR 62(1983)5;  A. Burnett, The Coinages of Rome and Magna Graecia in the Late Fourth and Third Centuries B.C., SNR 56(1977)92; W. Fischer-Bossert, Chronologie der Didrachmenpr\u00e4gung von Tarent, Berlin 1999 S. 263; W. Hollstein, Die Dioskuren und die Einf\u00fchrung des Denars, JNG 58(2008)41-63).","year_from":"0","year_until":"0","autor":"Bellinger, Dieter"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}