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Jh. v. Chr.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020101"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"67","keyword_de":"M\u00fcnzmeister\/-beamte","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300205361"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"69","keyword_de":"Silber","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4133759-1","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/ar"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"8","timeline_item":"Der zweite B\u00fcrgerkrieg (43-31 v.Chr.)","description":"Reformen des republikanischen W\u00e4hrungssystems\r\n\r\nIn der Mitte des 2. Jh. v. Chr., um 141 v. Chr. wurde\u00a0der Wert des Denars neu festgesetzt: er betrug nicht mehr das 10 fache, sondern das 16 fache des Asses. Dieses Wertverh\u00e4ltnis wurde durch die Wertmarke XVI kenntlich gemacht. Die Bezeichnung \"Denar\" blieb aber bestehen. Mit dieser Reform hatten der Quinar und der Sesterz - sofern sie ausgegeben wurden - eine Relation vom 8- bzw. 4-fachen zum As. Diese Wertverh\u00e4ltnisse unter den Nominalen sollten dann auch in der Kaiserzeit gelten. Gleichzeitig wurde um die Mitte des 2. Jh. v. Chr. das Rechnungswesen umgestellt: staatliche Zahlungen und offzielle Wertermittlungen wurden nicht mehr in Assen, sondern in Sesterzen durchgef\u00fchrt; auch der Sold wurde nicht mehr in Bronzegeld, sondern in Denaren ausgezahlt. Im Jahr 91 v. Chr. wurde mit dem \"lex Papiria de aeris pondere\" der Gewichtstandard der Bronzem\u00fcnzen auf den semunzial Standard gesenkt. Allerdings wurden auf diesem erm\u00e4\u00dfigten Standard kaum mehr Bronzem\u00fcnzen in Verkehr gebracht .\r\n\r\nDie Auspr\u00e4gung von Quinaren und Sesterzen wurde w\u00e4hrend des ersten B\u00fcrgerkriegs (49-44 v. Chr.) wieder aufgenommen. Zum ersten Mal wurde Messing zur Pr\u00e4gung von M\u00fcnzen - vermutlich Dupondien -\u00a0verwendet. Vor allem wurden\u00a0unter C\u00e4sar wieder Goldm\u00fcnzen im Gewicht von 1\/40 des r\u00f6mischen Pfundes (8,18 g) ausgegeben, die zum Denar in dem Wertverh\u00e4ltnis 1:25 standen.\u00a0Diese Reformen bereiteten die august\u00e4ische W\u00e4hrungsordnung der Kaiserzeit vor. \r\n\r\nDie M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung konzentrierte sich auf die M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tte Rom, die von den Tresviris geleitet wurde. Namen der M\u00fcnzbeamte, Symbole, Kontrollmarken sowie die Nummerierung von Stempeln sind Anzeichen daf\u00fcr, da\u00df sich die M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung technisch und organisatorisch im Verlauf der republikanischen Zeit ausweitete. Der griechsiche Einflu\u00df auf die M\u00fcnzbilder lie\u00df nach. R\u00f6mische Themen, die von den M\u00fcnzbeamten jeweils festgelegt wurden, setzten sich durch. Diese Tendenzen vest\u00e4rkten sich in der Zeit der Imperatoren und der B\u00fcrgerkriege in der Endphase der Republik. An die Stelle der G\u00f6tterbilder, wie die der Dioskuren,der Victoria und der Luna, des Jupiter\u00a0und des Mars, traten die Bilder der Ahnen, dann Anspielungen an aktuelle milit\u00e4risch-politische Taten und schlie\u00dflich unter Caesar das Portr\u00e4t des Imperators selbst. In den B\u00fcrgerkriegen wurden die riesigen Emissionen, wie die Legionspr\u00e4gungen des Antonius\u00a0und des Octavian vor der Schlacht von Actium,  zum Instrument der Propaganda und zum Medium der politischen Auseindersetzung.\r\n\r\nLiteratur: M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, 2.vols. Cambridge 1974;E.A. Sydenham, The Coinage of the Roman Republic, London 1952;Kent\/Overbeck\/Stylow\/Hirmer, Die R\u00f6mische M\u00fcnze, M\u00fcnchen, 1973,11-23;\u00a0C.H.V. Sutherland, M\u00fcnzen der R\u00f6mer, M\u00fcnchen 1974, 41-124;R. Wolters, Nummi Signati - Untersuchungen zur r\u00f6mischen M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung und Geldwirtschaft, M\u00fcnchen 1999, 9-44;B.E. Woytek, The Denarius Coinage of the Roman Republik, in W.E. Metcalf, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, 2012,314-334; B. Woytek, Julius Caesar und das Nomaliensystem der r\u00f6mischen Reichspr\u00e4gung in der Prinzipatzeit, in Heftner\/Tomaschitz (ed.) Festschrift Gerhard Dobesch, Wien 2004, 343-353).","year_from":"0","year_until":"0","autor":"Bellinger, Dieter"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}