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Jh. v. Chr., um 141 v. Chr., wurde\u00a0der Wert des Denars neu festgesetzt: er betrug nicht mehr das 10 fache, sondern das 16 fache des Asses. Dieses Wertverh\u00e4ltnis wurde durch die Wertmarke XVI kenntlich gemacht. Die Bezeichnung \"Denar\" blieb aber bestehen. Mit dieser Reform hatten der Quinar und der Sesterz - sofern sie ausgegeben wurden - eine Relation vom 8- bzw. 4-fachen zum As. Diese Wertverh\u00e4ltnisse unter den Nominalen sollten dann auch in der Kaiserzeit gelten. \r\n\r\nGleichzeitig wurde um die Mitte des 2. Jh. v. Chr. das Rechnungswesen umgestellt: staatliche Zahlungen und offzielle Wertermittlungen wurden nicht mehr in Assen, sondern in Sesterzen durchgef\u00fchrt; auch der Sold wurde nicht mehr in Bronzegeld, sondern in Denaren ausgezahlt (B.E. Woytek, The Denarius Coinage of the Roman Republik, in W.E. Metcalf, Handbooklof Greek and Roman Coinage, 2012,314-334). Im Jahr 91 v. Chr. wurde mit dem \"lex Papiria de aeris pondere\" der Gewichtstandard der Bronzem\u00fcnzen auf den semunzial Standard gesenkt. Allerdings wurden auf diesem erm\u00e4\u00dfigten Standard kaum mehr Bronzem\u00fcnzen in Verkehr gebracht.\r\n\r\n Die wiederholten Reformen des r\u00f6mischen Geldwesens in den Jahrzehnten nach 141 v. Chr. sind vor dem Hintergrund der r\u00f6mischen Eroberungen, der inneren Unruhen zwischen Adel und Plebs, des erh\u00f6hten Silbervolumens durch den Abbau in Spanien und die Verschiebung der Wertverh\u00e4ltnisse zwischen Silber und Bronze zu sehen (G. Bransbourg, Fides et Pecunia Numerata, Parth II:The Currencies of the Roman Republic, AJN 25(2013)179-242).\r\nDie Auspr\u00e4gung von Quinaren und Sesterzen wurde w\u00e4hrend des ersten B\u00fcrgerkriegs (49-44 v. Chr.) wieder aufgenommen. Zum ersten Mal wurde Messing zur Pr\u00e4gung von M\u00fcnzen - vermutlich Dupondien -\u00a0verwendet. Vor allem wurden\u00a0unter C\u00e4sar wieder Goldm\u00fcnzen im Gewicht von 1\/40 des r\u00f6mischen Pfundes (um 8,18 g) ausgegeben, die zum Denar in dem Wertverh\u00e4ltnis 1:25 standen.\u00a0Diese Reformen bereiteten die august\u00e4ische W\u00e4hrungsordnung der Kaiserzeit vor (B. Woytek, Julius Caesar und das Nomaliensystem der r\u00f6mischen Reichspr\u00e4gung in der Prinzipatzeit, in Heftner\/Tomaschitz (ed.), Festschrift Gerhard Dobesch, Wien 2004, 343-353).\r\n\r\nDie M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung konzentrierte sich auf die M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tte Rom, die von den Tresvires geleitet wurde. Namen der M\u00fcnzbeamte, Symbole, Kontrollmarken sowie die Nummerierung von Stempeln sind Anzeichen daf\u00fcr, da\u00df sich die M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung technisch und organisatorisch im Verlauf der republikanischen Zeit ausweitete. Der griechische Einflu\u00df auf die M\u00fcnzbilder lie\u00df nach. R\u00f6mische Themen, die von den M\u00fcnzbeamten jeweils festgelegt wurden, setzten sich durch. Diese Tendenzen vest\u00e4rkten sich in der Zeit der Imperatoren und der B\u00fcrgerkriege in der Endphase der Republik. An die Stelle der G\u00f6tterbilder, wie die der Dioskuren, des Jupiter\u00a0und Mars, traten die Bilder der Ahnen, dann Anspielungen an aktuelle milit\u00e4risch-politische Taten und schlie\u00dflich unter Caesar das Portr\u00e4t des Imperators selbst. In den B\u00fcrgerkriegen wurden die riesigen Emissionen, wie die Legionspr\u00e4gungen des Antonius\u00a0und des Octavian vor der Schlacht von Actium, zum Instrument der Propaganda und zum Medium der politischen Auseinandersetzung.\r\n\r\nLiteratur: M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, 2.vols. Cambridge 1974; E.A. Sydenham, The Coinage of the Roman Republic, London 1952; C.H.V. Sutherland, M\u00fcnzen der R\u00f6mer, M\u00fcnchen 1974, 41-124; R. Wolters, Nummi Signati - Untersuchungen zur r\u00f6mischen M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung und Geldwirtschaft, M\u00fcnchen 1999, 9-44; B.E. Woytek, The Denarius Coinage of the Roman Republik, in W.E. Metcalf, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, 2012,314-334","year_from":"0","year_until":"0","autor":"Bellinger, Dieter"}],"secondary_treatment":[{"ikmk_secondary_treatment_id":"1","item_de":"gelocht","item_en":"pierced","description_de":"Absichtlich angebrachtes Loch (oder mehrere) zur Befestigung an einem Geh\u00e4nge oder einer Unterlage. Im Falle von Papiergeld h\u00e4ufig Lochung zum Zeichen der Entwertung.","description_en":"Intentional hole(s) pierced through a coin so that it can be worn on a neclace, sewn onto textiles, etc. In case of paper money such a perforation often indicates devaluation.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/secondary_treatment\/1","concept":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/pierced"]}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}