{"language_default":"de","language_more":[],"ikmk_id":"3206","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Makedonien: Alexander III.","inventory_number":"G.46.16","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/item\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/object?id=ID3206","permalink_source":"","publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":56,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/56","publisher_name":"Digitales M\u00fcnzkabinett des Akademischen Kunstmuseums der Universit\u00e4t Bonn","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-5-8","publisher_isil_short":"DE-5-8","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-5-8\/ID3206","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.iak.uni-bonn.de\/de\/museen\/akademisches-kunstmuseum","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/uni-bonn"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"56","owner_name":"Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-024115","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-024115","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/www.antikensammlung.uni-bonn.de\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/uni-bonn","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/56","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/status_of_property\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"1166","nominal_de":"Tetradrachme","nominal_en":"Tetradrachm","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/tetradrachm","nominal_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4210424-5","info_de":"Eine antike M\u00fcnze, zumeist aus Silber, im Werte von vier Drachmen.","info_en":"An ancient coin, mostly struck in silver, valued four drachms.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/denomination\/1166"},"date_last":"2025-03-23 11:40:10","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/class_status\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"75","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/country\/75","country_name_de":"T\u00fcrkei","country_name_en":"Turkey","country_nomisma_id":"","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/298795","ikmk_region_id":"389","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/389","region_name":"Karien","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/caria","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"879","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/location\/879","mint_name":"Alabanda","mint_name_de":"Alabanda","mint_name_en":null,"mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/alabanda","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/321566"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"1","material_name_de":"Silber","material_name_en":"Silver","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ar","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/1"},"diameter":"32 mm","weight":"15.97 g","accession":"","access_year":"","provenienz_extern":"Spende D. Bellinger; ex Gorny&Mosch 156 (2007) 1316.","acquisition_date":"","avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"","image_description":"Kopf des Herakles im L\u00f6wenfell n.r., rechts Gegenstempel","foto_date":null,"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID3206\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID3206\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/var\/www\/vhosts\/ikmk.net\/httpdocs\/mkbonn\/mk-edit\/images\/n3\/3206\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID3206\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID3206\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1691353390,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID3206.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID3206."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"","image_description":"Zeus mit Adler thront n.l., davor Pegasos, unter dem Thron A (Jahr 1 =173\/172 v. Chr.)","foto_date":null,"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID3206\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID3206\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/var\/www\/vhosts\/ikmk.net\/httpdocs\/mkbonn\/mk-edit\/images\/n3\/3206\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID3206\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID3206\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1691353390,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID3206.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID3206."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"5","subdivision_name_de":"Griechen, Hellenismus","subdivision_name_en":"Greek, Hellenism"},"literatur":"M.J. Price, The Coinage in the Name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus, London 1991, 2460; W.E. Metcalf, A Late Second-Century Hoard of posthumous Alexanders, SNR 73, 1994, 19-69, Tafel 2 Nr. 99.","comment":"Eine gro\u00dfe Zahl griechischer St\u00e4dte an der kleinasiatischen K\u00fcste - von Alexandria Troas im Norden bis Aspendos im S\u00fcden - gaben im 2. Quartal des 2. Jh. v. Chr. Tetradrachmen unter dem Namen Alexanders, aber mit st\u00e4dtischen Beizeichen, mit Monogrammen der Magistrate und mit Jahresdaten aus. Die Fundorte liegen aber nicht in Kleinasien, sondern in dem seleukischen Gebiet, dem heutigen Nordsyrien. Diese Emissionen enden um 160 v. Chr, und werden durch die sog. Stephanephoren abgel\u00f6st, die ebenfalls in der Regel in dem seleukidischen Gebiet gefunden werden. Die M\u00fcnzen tragen oft Gegenstempel, insbesondere - wie die von Aspendos ausgegebene M\u00fcnze G.50.02 - seleukidsche Gegenstempel (G. Le Rider, Sur un aspect du comportement mon\u00e9taire des villes libres d`Asie Mineuere Occidentale au II. Si\u00e8cle,Etudes d`Histoire mon\u00e9taire et financi\u00e8re du monde grec, Ath\u00e8nes 1999, Tome III S.1315-1342; W.E. Metcalf, A Late Second-Century Hoard of posthumous Alexanders, SNR 73,1994,19-69).","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"3","name_de":"Hellenismus","name_en":null,"description_de":"","description_en":null,"concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/period\/3"},"year_start":"-173","year_end":"-167","date_verbal":"173-167 v. Chr.","year_islam":"0","references":[{"ikmk_referenz_id":53,"souce":"Price, Alexander","number":"2460","similar":"0"}],"type_references":{"279":"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/pella\/id\/price.2460"},"manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/manufacture\/21"}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"50":{"ikmk_type_id":"50","type_name_de":"Vorbesitzer","type_name_en":"previous Owner","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4447273-0","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/50","items":{"5647":{"ikmk_person_id":"5647","title_de":"Dr.","first_name_de":"Dieter","last_name_de":"Bellinger","vitalDates":"1939-","title_en":null,"first_name_en":"Dieter","last_name_en":"Bellinger","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/171366077":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/171366077","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/205093273":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/205093273","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/5647":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/5647"},"year_from":"0","year_until":"0"}}},"138":{"ikmk_type_id":"138","type_name_de":"Ver\u00e4u\u00dferer (an Vorbesitzer)","type_name_en":"Vendor (to prev. Owner)","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/138","items":{"8766":{"ikmk_person_id":"8766","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Gorny & Mosch (M\u00fcnchen)","vitalDates":null,"title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Gorny & Mosch (Munich)","corporation":"1","lod":{"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/10029500-9":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/10029500-9","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/148102961":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/148102961","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/corporation\/8766":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/corporation\/8766"}}}}},"keywords":[{"ikmk_keyword_id":"1","keyword_de":"Antike","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4068754-5","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300055818"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"60","keyword_de":"Gegenstempel, Erasionen u.a.","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"45","keyword_de":"G\u00f6tter","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4021469-2","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300343850"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"5","keyword_de":"Hellenismus, 4.-1. Jh. v. Chr.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020101"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"46","keyword_de":"Heroen","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4126545-2","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"25","keyword_de":"Kleinasien","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4085685-9","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300387727"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"31","keyword_de":"M\u00fcnzstand: Antike Herrscher","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"69","keyword_de":"Silber","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4133759-1","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/ar"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"95","timeline_item":"Karien","description":"Gewichtstandard, Nominalsystem, Chronologie\r\n\r\nIn Karien pr\u00e4gten auf dem Festland die St\u00e4dte, insbesondere Knidos und Kaunos, dann die vorgelagerten griechischen Inseln, insbesondere Rhodos und Kos, und schlie\u00dflich die karische Dynastie der Hekatomniden (Hekatomnos, Maussollos, Hidrieos und Pixodaros). Es lag im Einflu\u00dfbereich der Perser, der Athener, der Makedonen, der Seleukiden, der Attaliden und zuletzt der R\u00f6mer.\r\n\r\nIn der M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung, auch in dem Gewichts- und Nominalsystem, spiegeln sich die Traditionen der ionischen\u00a0K\u00fcste und die wechselnden politischen Einfl\u00fcsse wider. H.A. Cahn ( aaO. S. 178-195) hat in seiner empirisch-geldgeschichtlichen Untersuchung der griechisch-kleinasiatischen M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung zwar auch den \u00e4gin\u00e4tischen ( 12 g), den eub\u00f6isch-attischen (17 g), den phok\u00e4isch-persischen (16,5 g), den chiotischen (15,6 g)\u00a0und den samischen (13,1 g) \u00a0M\u00fcnzfu\u00df unterschieden,\u00a0gleichzeitig aber vor einer metreologischen Schematisierung gewarnt, da die M\u00fcnzf\u00fcsse wechseln und da sie unterschiedlich - je nach Metall und Nominal - verwandt wurden. So weisen auch K. Konuk (a.a.O. S. 220-222) und W. Fischer-Bossert auf die regionale Differenzierung und auf die Reduktion des\u00a0milesischen bzw. \u00e4gin\u00e4tischen M\u00fcnzfusses hin. In Knidos wurde kurzzeitig der persische, dann im Verlauf des 5. Jh. v. Chr. der \u00e4gin\u00e4tische, im Rahmen der sog. Allianz-Pr\u00e4gung Anfang des 4,. Jh. der attische und schlie\u00dflich der chiotisch-rhodische Standard\u00a0zugrunde gelegt. \r\n\r\n\u00dcbergeordnete wirtschaftliche oder politsche Einfl\u00fcsse, darunter auch Kriege, beeinflu\u00dften die Wahl der Nominale.\u00a0In Knidos lag im 5. Jh. der Schwerpunkt bei den Drachmen; die umlaufenden Statere von \u00c4gina und - wenn nicht das athenische M\u00fcnzdekret - so doch die allgegenw\u00e4rtigen Athener Tetradrachmen k\u00f6nnten in Knidos die Beschr\u00e4nkung auf Drachmen und die Emissionspausen veranla\u00dft haben. Mit dem sog. K\u00f6nigsfrieden (387 v. Chr.) kam die kleinasiatische K\u00fcste zwar wieder unter die persische Oberhoheit. Bemerkenswerterweise gingen St\u00e4dte und Inseln, ja sogar die karische Dynastie und die Satrapen unter F\u00fchrung von Rhodos zum Standard von Chios \u00fcber, wie vor allem der sog. Pixodaros-Fund deutlich gemacht hat. Dieser Standard \u00fcberdauerte, vor allem in Rhodos, die Einf\u00fchrung der neuen Weltw\u00e4hrung attischen Standards unter Alexander dem Gro\u00dfen und seinen Nachfolgern. Gold war in Karien nur kurzzeitig und nur in geringen Mengen unter Pixodaros ausgepr\u00e4gt worden. Die Ausgabe von Bronzem\u00fcnzen setzte in Karien um 400 v. Chr. ein. Auch in Karien wurden\u00a0in hellenistischer Zeit\u00a0Tetradrachmen im Namen Alexanders gepr\u00e4gt. Die Niederlagen der Seleukiden und der Makedonen gegen die R\u00f6mer lie\u00df\u00a0die eigene Silberpr\u00e4gung der St\u00e4dte, wie Alabanda (ab rd. 190 v. Chr.) oder Stratonikeia (ab 168 v. Chr.) nochmals wieder aufleben.\u00a0\r\n\r\nLiteratur: H.A. Cahn, Knidos, Berlin 1970; J. Barron, The Fifth-Century Diskoboloi of Kos, Essays St. Robinson (1968)\u00a0S. 75-90; K. Konuk, The Early Coinage of Kaunos, Studies Price (1998) S.145-153; Ashton\/Handerich\/Konuk\/Meadows, The Pixodaros Hoard (CH 9.421) CH IX 159-243; R. Ashton The Beginning of Bronze Coinage in Karia and Lykia, NC 166(2006)1-14; F. Delrieux, Les Monnaies de Mylassa aux Types de Zeus Osogoa et Zeus Labrandos, NC 159(1999)33-45; J. Kroll, Late Hellenistic Tetrobole of Kos, MN 11(1964)81-117; R. Ashton, The Hellenistic Hemidrachms of Kaunos RBN 145(1999)141-154; A.R. Meadows, Stratonikeia in Caria, The hellenistic City and its Coinage, NC 162(2002)79-134; W. Fischer-Bossert, Ein Karisches Monster, in M. Baer\/W.Fischer-Bossert, N. Schindel (Hrg.), Festschrift W. Szwaivert, Wien 2020, S.119-168.","year_from":"0","year_until":"0","autor":"Bellinger, Dieter"}],"secondary_treatment":[{"ikmk_secondary_treatment_id":"4","item_de":"mit Gegenstempel","item_en":"countermarked","description_de":"Mit einem oder mehreren Gegenstempeln versehen. Diese sind u. a. zum Zweck der Auf- oder Abwertung und zur Anerkennung des Wertes angebracht, k\u00f6nnen auf den Ausgeber hinweisen oder in historischen Sammlungen den Besitzer eines Objektes.","description_en":"The impression left by a countermark punch. A tool that is used to punch into a coin subsequent to the original striking an additional mark or symbol that had meaning in the contemporary context of the coin - for example to mark a specific payment or to revalue a coin). Objects from early modern collections sometimes bear countermarks as a sign of ownership.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/secondary_treatment\/4","concept":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/countermark"]}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}