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Jh. v. Chr.-3. Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/7512142-6","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020541"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"11","timeline_item":"Nero","description":"Die M\u00fcnzreform unter Nero (54-68 n. Chr.)\r\n\r\nIn den ersten Regierungsjahren setzte Nero die M\u00fcnzpolitik von Claudius fort. Ab dem Jahr 60\/61 n. Chr. wurde zun\u00e4chst die Auspr\u00e4gung von Edellmetall verst\u00e4rkt, dann ab 63 n. Chr. die Ausgabe von Bronzem\u00fcnzen nach einer etwa 20 j\u00e4hrigen Emissionspause wieder aufgenommen. In den folgenden Jahren kam es zu einer massiven M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung in allen Metallen. Zu dieser Zeit wurde das Gewicht des Aureus und des Denars reduziert: bei dem\u00a0Aureus vom 1\/40 zu 1\/45 des r\u00f6mischen Pfunds oder 7,8 g auf 7,3 g; bei dem Denar\u00a0von 1\/84 auf 1\/96 des r\u00f6mischen Pfunds oder 3,75 g auf 3,25 g. Gleichzeitig wurde kurzzeitig die Auspr\u00e4gung des unedlen Metalls\u00a0reformiert:\u00a0anstelle des Kupfers wurde\u00a0bei der Pr\u00e4gung von Assen, Semiassen und Quadranten Messing verwandt. Um die neuen Kleingeldemissionen zu kennzeichnen, trugen die M\u00fcnzen Wertmarken. Diese Reform wurde alsbald zur\u00fcckgenommen und - wie zuvor - Messing f\u00fcr Sesterzen und Dupondien, Kupfer f\u00fcr Asse, Semiasse und Quadranten verwandt. Zur Unterscheidung\u00a0der Nominale erscheint von da ab das Kaiserportr\u00e4t mit der Strahlenkrone auf den Dupondien. Die umlaufenden M\u00fcnzen wurden nicht widerrufen, sondern im Rahmen des Zahlungsverkehrs aus dem Umlauf genommen und auf dem reduzierten Standard wieder ausgepr\u00e4gt.\r\n\r\nIm Zuge dieser Reformen wurde die M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung\u00a0 in Rom konzentriert. Rom war von da ab die Hauptm\u00fcnzst\u00e4tte des Reichs. Parallel gab allerdings eine andere M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tte, vermutlich Lugdunum, Bronzem\u00fcnzen nach dem Vorbild Roms\u00a0aus, bei denen die Kaiserb\u00fcste mit einem Globus versehen ist. F\u00fcr die Reform des M\u00fcnzwesens werden verschiedene Gr\u00fcnde genannt: die Knappheit des umlaufenden Kleingelds, die Finanznot des r\u00f6mischen Zentralstaats, die wachsenden Staatsausgaben und der Wiederaufbau Roms nach dem gro\u00dfen Brand. Daraus erkl\u00e4ren sich weitere Reformen, die mit dem M\u00fcnzwesen zusammenh\u00e4ngen.\r\n\r\nIm Zuge der Konzentration der M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung wurde die Organisation des M\u00fcnzamts gestrafft und das Personal der kaiserlichen Verwaltung unterstellt. Der Einflu\u00df des Senats wurde geringer, der des Kaisers gr\u00f6\u00dfer. Die Abstimmung zwischen den \u00f6ffentlichen Haushalten von Staat (aerarium), Kaiserhaus (patrimonium) und Provinzen (fisci) wurde enger. Ma\u00dfnahmen zur Verbesserung der Finanzsituation, wie die Erh\u00f6hung von Steuern und Geb\u00fchren wurden ergriffen.\u00a0In Spanien, dort vor allem in den Medulas, wurde der Bergbau intensiviert.\r\n\r\nTrotz des baldigen Endes von Nero sollte die Reform von Dauer sein. In den folgenden B\u00fcrgerkriegen wurde die Auspr\u00e4gung in Metallen sogar noch verst\u00e4rkt. Auch als Vespasian das Reich wieder konsolidierte, wurde die Reduzierung des M\u00fcnzstandards nicht zur\u00fcckgenommen. Im Gegensatz zu der fr\u00fchen Kaiserzeit wurden von nun an regelm\u00e4\u00dfig und im j\u00e4hrlichen Rhythmus M\u00fcnzen in Rom f\u00fcr das Reich gepr\u00e4gt, so da\u00df auch Reichsgebiete, die bisher geldwirtschaftlich wenig entwickelt waren, monetarisiert wurden.\u00a0\r\n\r\nLiteratur:H. Mattingly\/E.A. Sydenham u.a., The Roman Imperial Coinage, London 1923 ff; C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I:From 31 B.C. to A.D.69.2.ed. London 1984;\u00a0\u00a0C.H.V. Sutherland, Roman History and Coinage 44 B.C. - A.D.69, Oxford 1987; R. Wolters, Nummi Signati - Untersuchungen zur r\u00f6mischen M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung und Geldwirtschaft, M\u00fcnchen 1999; D.W. MacDowall, The Western Coinges of Nero, New York 1979; R. Wolters, The Julio-Claudians, in W.E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, 2012, 335-355.\u00a0","year_from":"0","year_until":"0","autor":"Bellinger, Dieter"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}