{"language_default":"de","language_more":[],"ikmk_id":"1031","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Makedonien: Alexander III.","inventory_number":"G.13.021","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/item\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/object?id=ID1031","permalink_source":"","publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":56,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/56","publisher_name":"Digitales M\u00fcnzkabinett des Akademischen Kunstmuseums der Universit\u00e4t Bonn","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-5-8","publisher_isil_short":"DE-5-8","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-5-8\/ID1031","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.iak.uni-bonn.de\/de\/museen\/akademisches-kunstmuseum","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/uni-bonn"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"56","owner_name":"Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-024115","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-024115","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/www.antikensammlung.uni-bonn.de\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/uni-bonn","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/56","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/status_of_property\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"1323","nominal_de":"Tetrachalkon","nominal_en":"Tetrachalkon","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/tetrachalkon","nominal_gnd_id":null,"info_de":null,"info_en":null,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/denomination\/1323"},"date_last":"2025-02-11 17:41:10","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/class_status\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"27","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/country\/27","country_name_de":"Griechenland","country_name_en":"Greece","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/greece","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/390903","ikmk_region_id":"214","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/214","region_name":"Macedonia","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/macedon","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"420","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/location\/420","mint_name":"","mint_name_de":"","mint_name_en":null,"mint_nomisma_id":"","mint_geoname_id":""}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"2","material_name_de":"Bronze","material_name_en":"Bronze","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ae","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/2"},"diameter":"19 mm","die_axis":"1 h","weight":"5.76 g","accession":"","access_year":"","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"3","access_type_name":"Schenkung","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4052258-1","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/accession\/3"},"provenienz_extern":"Spende F\u00f6rderverein; ex Gorny & Mosch 2003","acquisition_date":"","avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"","image_description":"Kopf des Herakles mit L\u00f6wenskalp n.r.","foto_date":null,"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID1031\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID1031\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/var\/www\/vhosts\/ikmk.net\/httpdocs\/mkbonn\/mk-edit\/images\/n1\/1031\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID1031\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID1031\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1691353008,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID1031.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID1031."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"\u0391\u039b\u0395\u039e\u0391\u039d\u0394\u03a1\u039f\u03a5","image_description":"Bogen in K\u00f6cher, Keule, darunter Stern","foto_date":null,"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID1031\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID1031\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/var\/www\/vhosts\/ikmk.net\/httpdocs\/mkbonn\/mk-edit\/images\/n1\/1031\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID1031\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/mk-bonn.ikmk.net\/image\/ID1031\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1691353008,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID1031.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Bonn, Akademisches Kunstmuseum, ID1031."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"5","subdivision_name_de":"Griechen, Hellenismus","subdivision_name_en":"Greek, Hellenism"},"literatur":"M.J. Price, The Coinage in the name of Alexander the Great und Philipp Arrhidaeus, London 1991, 278; O.D. Hoover, The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 3 Coins of the Macedon and its Neighbors, Part I, Lancaster\/London 2017, 925","comment":"Die antike Bezeichnung der Bronzem\u00fcnzen ist in der Regel auf den M\u00fcnze nicht genannt. Der Nennwert ist meistens auch nicht literarisch \u00fcberliefert. In der Numismatik  werden daf\u00fcr verschiedene Methoden verwendet. So werden die Einheiten z.T. mit Buchstaben, wie A,B,C,D, benannt. Bei der Litra wird von dem Wert 12 ausgegangen und die niedrigeren Werte mit Hemilitron, Tetras, Trias, Hexas und Onkia benannt. Eine andere Methode geht von dem kleinsten Wert, dem Chalkous, aus und benennt die schwereren M\u00fcnzen mit Di- und Tetrachalkon.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"3","name_de":"Hellenismus","name_en":null,"description_de":"","description_en":null,"concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/period\/3"},"year_start":"-336","year_end":"-323","date_verbal":"336-323 v. Chr.","year_islam":"0","references":[{"ikmk_referenz_id":53,"souce":"Price, Alexander","number":"0278","similar":"0"}],"type_references":{"4181":"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/pella\/id\/price.278"},"manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/manufacture\/21"}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"57":{"ikmk_type_id":"57","type_name_de":"Autorit\u00e4t","type_name_en":"Authority","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/authority","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1051614252","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/57","items":{"2756":{"ikmk_person_id":"2756","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Alexandros III. (336-323 v. Chr.), K\u00f6nig von Makedonien","vitalDates":"356-323 v. Chr.","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Alexandros III (336-323 BC), king of Macdon","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118501828":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118501828","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_the_Great":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_the_Great","https:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/alexander_iii":"https:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/alexander_iii","https:\/\/term.museum-digital.de\/md-de\/persinst\/5055":"https:\/\/term.museum-digital.de\/md-de\/persinst\/5055","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/88742742":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/88742742","https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG86047":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG86047","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q8409":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q8409","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/2756":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/2756"}}}},"138":{"ikmk_type_id":"138","type_name_de":"Ver\u00e4u\u00dferer (an Vorbesitzer)","type_name_en":"Vendor (to prev. Owner)","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/138","items":{"8766":{"ikmk_person_id":"8766","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Gorny & Mosch (M\u00fcnchen)","vitalDates":null,"title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Gorny & Mosch (Munich)","corporation":"1","lod":{"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/10029500-9":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/10029500-9","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/148102961":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/148102961","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/corporation\/8766":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/corporation\/8766"}}}}},"keywords":[{"ikmk_keyword_id":"1","keyword_de":"Antike","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4068754-5","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300055818"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"71","keyword_de":"Bronze \/ Kupfer","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4146667-6","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/ae"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"76","keyword_de":"Gegenst\u00e4nde","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4121320-8","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300311889"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"23","keyword_de":"Griechenland","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4022047-3","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/1000074"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"5","keyword_de":"Hellenismus, 4.-1. Jh. v. Chr.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020101"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"46","keyword_de":"Heroen","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4126545-2","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"31","keyword_de":"M\u00fcnzstand: Antike Herrscher","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"75","timeline_item":"Makedonien","description":"Gewichststandard, Nominalsystem, Chronologie\r\n\r\nF\u00fcr die M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung Nordgriechenlands sind schwere \u00e0 29,46 g, mittlere \u00e0 14,73 g und leichtere M\u00fcnzen \u00e0 2,18 bzw. 2,45 g. kennzeichnend. Sie geh\u00f6ren - mit ihren Teilwerten - zu einem Gewichts- und Nominalsystem, das persische und attische Elemente miteinander verband und das heute \"thraco-makedonischer\" Standard genannt wird. \r\n\r\nDas System basierte auf dem persischen Stater von 9,8 g: Die Gro\u00dfm\u00fcnze war demnach ein dreifacher Stater (9,8 g mal 3=29,4 g). F\u00fcr den Stater von 9,8 g ergaben sich im persischen Dreier-Nominalsystem Teilwerte von 3,27 g (1\/3), 1,64 g\u00a0\u00a0 (1\/6) und 0,54 g (1\/12). Die \u00dcbernahme des attischen Nominalsystems f\u00fchrte dagegen bei\u00a0einer M\u00fcnze von 29,46 g zur Oktodrachme, bei einer M\u00fcnze von 14,73 g zur Tetradrachme und bei\u00a0einer M\u00fcnze\u00a0von 2,45 g zum Tetrobol. Diese M\u00fcnzgewichte werden neuerdings allerdings auch mit der Orientierung der makedonischen M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung an dem milesischen Standard (Stater \u00e1 14,3 g)\u00a0interpretiert. \r\n\r\nDie makedonischen St\u00e4mme, die griechischen Stadtstaaten und das makedonische K\u00f6nigshaus verwandten - mit gewissen Abweichungen und Schwerpunkten - diesen\u00a0sog. thraco-makedonischen Standard. Ihm folgte auch Philipp II (356-336 v. Chr.) f\u00fcr die Silberm\u00fcnzen, obwohl er bei den Goldm\u00fcnzen den attischen Standard (Stater \u00e0 8,6 g) \u00fcbernahm. Erst Alexander III (336-323 v. Chr.) f\u00fchrte auch f\u00fcr das Silbergeld das attische Gewichts- und Nominalsystem ein. Das Wertverh\u00e4ltnis zwischen Gold und Silber betrug unter Philipp 1:10 oder 1:12 (nach der persischen Praxis 1:13,5) und unter Alexander 1:10. Die Bronzem\u00fcnzen folgten dem attischen Vorbild, d.h. das Obol teilte sich in 8 Chalkoi, die als Chalkous, Dichalkon und Tetrachalchon in Verkehr gebracht wurden. \r\n\r\nM\u00fcnzen der makedonischen St\u00e4mme tauchen schon in den fr\u00fchesten M\u00fcnzfunden um 500 v. Chr. auf. Die M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung der griechischen St\u00e4dte, wie Akanthos, Mende, Potideia, Terone,setzte\u00a0etwas sp\u00e4ter ein. Eine Oktodrachme Alexander I (494-451 v. Chr.) findet sich erstmals im \"Asyut\" Hoard ( Price\/Waggoner, London 1975, Pl.VIII Nr.\u00a0152).\u00a0W\u00e4hrend die M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung der St\u00e4mme bald endete, blieben griechische St\u00e4dte, wie Akanthos und Mende, auch\u00a0im 5. Jh. aktiv. Die Pr\u00e4get\u00e4tigkeit ging dann aber zur\u00fcck oder stockte sogar, ebenso wie die des makedonischen K\u00f6nigshauses.\u00a0Die Pr\u00e4gungen nahmen erst im letzten Viertel des 5. Jh. wieder zu, insbesondere mit der Gr\u00fcndung von Olynth und dem Wechsel von dem attisch-eub\u00f6ischen zu dem sog. thrako-makedonischen oder milesischenStandard. Ob insofern eine Auswirkung des athenischen M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4geverbots festgetellt werden kann,\u00a0wird heute \u00fcberwiegend in Zweifel gezogen.\r\n\r\nVon \u00fcberragender Bedeutung wurde dann die M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung Philipps II, dessen Goldstatere und Tetradrachmen in gro\u00dfem Umfang, auch nach seinem Tod gepr\u00e4gt wurden. Wahrhaft weltweite Bedeutung hatte die M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung Alexander III (336-323 v. Chr.). Seine M\u00fcnzen mit den Bildern \"Athena\/Nike\" und \"Herakles\/Zeus\" wurden nach der \"hohen\" Chronologie\u00a0bald nach Regierungsantritt 336 v. Chr. (Newell, Price, Morkholm), wahrscheinlicher aber erst\u00a0w\u00e4hrend seines Feldzugs ( in Tarsos) 333 v. Chr. (Zervos, Troxell, Le Rider) eingef\u00fchrt. Sie erreichte einige Jahre vor seinem Tod gro\u00dfe St\u00fcckzahlen, wurde unter den Diadochen weiter gepr\u00e4gt\u00a0und bestimmte die weitere M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung Makedoniens und der hellenistischen Staaten bis\u00a0in die r\u00f6mische Zeit. \r\n\r\nLiteratur:\u00a0M. Price, Coins of the Macedonians, London 1974;\u00a0 Le Rider, Le monnayage d`argent et d`or de Philipp II, Paris 1977; M. Price, The Coinage of Philipp II, NC 19(1979)231; M. Price, The Coinage in the name of Alexander the Great and Philipp Arrhidaeus, London 1991; G. Le Rider, J. Alexandre le Grand- monnaies, finances et politique, Paris 2003. J. Desneux, Les T\u00e9tradrachmes d`Akanthos, Bruxelles 1949; N. Hardwick, The coinage of Terone from the fifth to the fourth centuries B.C. ,Studies Price, London \u00a01998, 119-124: D. Raymond, Macedonian regal coinage to 413 B.C., New York 1953; \u00a0J. Kagan, Notes on the Coinage of Mende, AJN 26(2014)1-31; S. Psoma Olynthe et les Chalcidiens de Thrace, Stuttgart 2001; C.C. Lober, Amphipolis, Los Angeles 1990.","year_from":"0","year_until":"0","autor":"Bellinger, Dieter"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}